Hitler compared to macbeth Essay

When one is ambitious in gaining power by the force of evil or by the used of violence, there is no stopping this one from what he or she is going to do. This is one of the moral ethical of humanity, something that every human being must suffer during their time of existence. It is also what William Shakespeare tried to show humanity that being ambitious will never bring any good to one person nor will it give happiness to one person. During the time of Shakespeare, the time of the Renaissance, many dukes, lords, thanes, monarch, and commoners were ambitious in gaining power. They all slew each other, even their own bloodline to gain power over the other. Shakespeare then wrote a play know as Macbeth, to show everyone of every class and society of how ambition can led one person from good to evil. Even in today world that there are still people that are ambitious in gaining power. Adolf Hitler, the tyrant of Germany, is very much similar to Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth. If one ever compares the two tyrants, one would thinks that they are twin brothers or that Hitler based his character off of Shakespeare’s work. Both Hitler and Macbeth are similar in many ways, their ambition for gaining power, their liking for killing people, and their triumphant and hatred amongst the people. One of the strongest similarities of both Hitler and Macbeth are their ambition of gaining power. Both of them never had any intention of being ambition at their young ages nor when they are serving for their country. At first, Hitler was just an ordinary son of Alois Hitler and an orphan after the death of his mother. In his early years, Hitler had no intention of overruling the government or any†¦

Microhabitat Variation

Temperature results for this observational study show that temperature mean and standard deviation values vary as you go from one location to another. These results are basically affected by several factors. One factor for example is the amount of sunlight received by a particular area. Shaded locations, such as under a holly tree and another tree near the shore pond registered lower mean temperatures (20.55 C and 21.03 C respectively) compared to those areas that are more exposed to direct sunlight such as the sunny patch of grass (31.60 C) and at the bleachers (28.52 C). exposure to direct sunlight obviously increases the temperature of a certain area while the absence of it decreases the temperature. Also, the canopy of the trees hinders the sunlight to penetrate the area under it thus, contributing to the lowering of the temperature of the said locations. The amount of sunlight that enters the Earth has great effect on air temperature. But as sunlight passes through the air, it does not heat it but rather, warms the air above the liquids (streams, ponds) and solids (soil) on the Earth. Usually, the warmest time of the day is the middle because it is when the sunlight is directly hitting these liquids and solids. â€Å"Temperature is usually low at midnight, decreasing in the early hours of the morning, and then increasing rapidly until just after midday. It then decreases during the night† (http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/plots/). Also, it is warmer during summer because there are more time for the Earth’s surface to heat up as compared during winter time. This event is also observable inside a thermometer, an instrument used to measure temperature. The liquid inside this instrument expands and goes up when the air surrounding it is warm. During colder days on the other hand, the liquid contracts and goes down. On the other hand, the temperature values observed under a tree showed a larger standard deviation (32.74) as compared to other areas observed. This can be explained by the fact that trees have the ability to reduce wind and air circulation especially in humid climates. Large trees with dense foliage can limit air circulation on hot days and increase the landscape's humidity by decreasing the amount of available sunlight. The lower a tree's branches are to the ground, the more it contributes to an airless space (http:www.). Variations on the activities of the tree in order to adapt to the existing sunlight amount caused the wide range of temperature values observed in this specific location. The scatterplot shows that the average temperatures of the study locations and the number of animals observed on those locations have no significant relationship with one another as proven by a high P value (0.135). Also, the two variables have a weak positive relationship as shown by a positive R value (0.377). These observations mean that although the two variables have no significant relationship, it should still be noted that they have a positive and direct relationship, which means that as the average temperatures of the study locations increases, so does the number of animals observed on those locations and vice versa. The abovementioned observations can be explained by the fact that animals’ survival is greatly affected by any change in their surrounding environment’s temperature. According to Liebig's Law of the Minimum, â€Å"population growth will be limited by the required factor that is in shortest supply† (http://www.utm.edu/departments/cens/biology/rirwin/441_442/441PhysEc.htm). The factor in shortest supply can be called as the limiting factor which determines the abundance or lack of a certain number of animals and other organisms and it can either be an abiotic of biotic factor. In this experiment, we regarded the temperature as the main abiotic factor under observation. Different animals have different tolerance levels for different factors affecting their survival. For temperature, â€Å"eurythermals† have wide range of tolerance for temperatures while â€Å"stenothermal† refers to those who have narrow tolerance for temperature. These mean that if a certain organism or group of organism cannot adapt to an environment with limiting factors that are necessary for their survival, or they cannot tolerate any drastic increase or decrease in temperature, they may be unable to reproduce or worse, die. Another explanation for this event is the ability of animal for thermoregulation. â€Å"Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation). It one process of homeostasis which is a vigorous condition of constancy between an animal’s internal and external environments. In relation to this, there are two conditions that can happen to an organism when it cannot regulate its internal and external environments and maintain its normal temperature. One is hyperthermia, this can happen when an organism’s body temperature significantly increases above normal. On the other hand, it’s opposite is known as hypothermia wherein the body temperature decreases below the normal level. When an organism suffers any of these two conditions, it can be very fatal. These concepts only prove that the average temperatures of the study area and the number of animals found in each observed area have a direct relationship with one another. And these can happen either during the hot day or cold day but may have different manifestations depending on the kind of organism and how it adapts to the changes in its environment. Animals tend to prefer microclimates that show very little variation in temperature because it will be of great cost to them if they always have to regulate their body temperatures in order to adapt to their environment. And in vice versa, it will be of great help to them if they do not need to do this anymore because they will save up their energy for other metabolic processes such as reproduction or food storage and consumption. Sources: Lecture: Physiological Ecology. Retrieved November 8, 2006, from   http://www.utm.edu/departments/cens/biology/rirwin/441_442/441PhysEc.htm Mackintoch, L. Answers to Questions. Retrieved November 8, 2006, from   http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/plots/ Streich A., Janssen D., Gaussoin R., and Rodie S. (2003, July). Landscapes for Shade. Retrieved November 8, 2006 Sunlight's Effect on Air Temperature. Retrieved November 8, 2006 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/question651.htm Thermoregulation.   Retrieved November 8, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation            

Botanic Gardens Tourist Management Strategies

The â€Å"City Botanic Gardens† is one of the heritages gardens which are located in the Brisbane, Australia. It is bordered by the Alice Street, Brisbane River, Parliament House, George Street and Queensland University (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The Gardens display most mature gardens in Brisbane with some rare botanic species. The collection of garden includes rare collection of palms, cycads, bamboo and figs. The site was added to the â€Å"Queensland Heritage Register† on 1997. The site is being described as most significant â€Å"non Aboriginal cultural† landscape in the heart of Queensland. The site is known to have a continuous horticultural heritage which has suffered minimal land loss area or modification in use (Cowell, 2015). The site is considered as a premier â€Å"public heritage park† which is used for recreational facility. The park is prises of three main sections such as Queens Park, Botanic Gardens and former Government domain (Brisban e.qld.gov.au, 2016). The gardens are bordered with mature trees which create avenues as well as grooves. The site provides ample avenues for recreational activities such as lake, gardens, formal lawns and structures (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The site successfully displays the evolution pattern of the Queensland history. It also prises of the endangered ponents of the cultural history of Queensland. There are several varieties of plants at Queensland that are ornamental in nature or agricultural which can be traced back to the â€Å"Brisbane Botanic Gardens†. This site is an important ponent in displaying particular class characteristics of particular cultural place (Sutherland, 2014). There are several historic structures in the park such as band pavilion, Walter Hill Drinking Fountain, boundary stone walls, bear pit shelter and cast iron railings (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The site also presents aesthetic significance which provides visual amenity and values prising of natural wildlife (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). There has been strong association of the culture, munity and spiritual ponents with this park. The park is a mon place for several social events as well as popular tourist description. The heritage site has provided with ample cultural solutions to the general public. However, the site faces the issues of urban conservation. There have been inadequate conservation measures towards the natural botanical habitants. This creates challenges for the park authorities. There are issues with the erosion and conservation of the plants. The nutrient levels get degraded that prise of damage due to pet waste, fertilizers and pollution (Miller et al., 2016). There is degradation of the natural land cover. There are issues with the horticulture research that is faced by the heritage park. It doesn’t engage in sufficient scientific research. The park provides limited opportunities for the education of the school as well as college students. There are not enough facilities for the purpose of education regarding the plants and the natural habitats. The garden is prone to the damaging effect of the climate change (Derkzen, Van Teeffelen & Verburg, 2017). The plants need healt hy atmosphere to survive for a long period. The environmental damage is having an adverse effect on the maintenance of the botanic habitats. The botanic garden is facing the issue of water shortage. The increased human demand has reduced the water supply on which the plants are dependant. The botanic garden faces constant challenges of lack of funds which creates difficulty for smooth functioning of the garden. The lack of funds creates problems in the operation of the garden (Moody, 2013). The authorities are unable to perform routine maintenance of the gardens due to limited funds (Derkzen, Van Teeffelen & Verburg, 2017). They are also unable to carry out any beatification project for the garden. This makes the garden unable to attract tourists in large numbers. The garden management is unable to protect the park from overuse which often causes exploitation of the plant life. The non-development of the botanical life is a matter of concern for the garden authorities. This implies that the existing botanical life would not be replaced by newer ones which would decrease the value of the garden (Thorpe, 2014). The non-addition of the plants would lead to stagnant position of the botanical garden. The site also faces the issue of littering and vandalism. There are instances when the garden authority has received plaints of littering. There are instances when the waste material, rubbish, glass, paper, debris and the garbage are spread here and there within the garden authorities. The public often litter on the sidewalks, alleys and the streets of the botanic garden. There are mercial wastes which are always disposed at the garden premises. There are often instances of vandalism which occur at the garden premises. It is often seen that there are ruthless acts of damage to the garden properties which often causes issues for the garden management. The unlawful destruction of the properties of the garden authorities has caused issues in the past. Erosion and conservation of the plants- In Australia, there is significant development in the science and development field which have increased the participation of the farmers in the innovative systems (Uphoff, 2013). Horticulture research- The horticulture science societies have successfully managed to implement a large number of changes in fields such as ecology, botany, genetics, plant physiology, plant breeding and others. Limited opportunities for the education- There are botanic gardens which engage in education of the mon people including the school going students. They impact learning based on the importance of the plants and the global ecosystem at large. The information should be provided on the plant species distribution and plant taxonomy (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). Climate change- The botanic gardens face constant challenges of the climate changes which have major impact on the natural ecosystem. The International Agenda of the Botanic Gardens in conservation has led to clarify the roles of the botanic garden in international market (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). One key role identified in the process is the conservation of plant. Emphasis is also being laid on the providing safety net through the process of living plant collections and seed banks as well as germplasm collections (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). Water shortage- The concerned authorities are engaging in water conservation measures that emphasis on the reduced water consumption. The trees as well as plants are of great cultural value and the survival of the plants is dependent on the water supply. In the Royal Botanic Gardens of Australia, the turf areas are being converted to the â€Å"warm season grasses† such as Kikayu (Rbg.vic.gov.au, 2016). They are more water efficient than others. Lack of funds- The botanic gardens strive to aim for international investors and try to engage in international partnerships in the horticulture sector (Beer, 2016). There should have supplement activities as well as programs which would lead to greater revenue generation. Overuse- The biodiversity should be used to improve the current condition of the botanic gardens and a conscious effort has been made to reduce the exploitation on the plants (Beer, 2016). Non-development of the botanical life- A dedicated effort of garden restoration should be carried out to preserve the native plants and increase the diversity of the plants (Beer, 2016).   It is important to implement changes in the day to day functioning of the botanic garden so that the necessary problems can be solved. The erosion as well as conservation of the plants is of utmost importance which should be given utmost importance. The development of the science would enable the conservation of the plants in the botanic garden. The garden authorities should focus more on the research concerning the horticulture and the related disciplines such as genetics, botany, plant breeding, plant physiology. The authorities should concentrate more on the education opportunities, which would increase the attraction of the botanic garden. The garden should engage in devising strategies which would fight against the increasing climate change. It should also concentrate on the conservation of water and increase the areas which focus on warm season grasses.   The garden authorities should concentrate on the generation of funds through different sources. The private donors as well as the corporate sponsorships should be focused on so that the garden can have smooth functioning. It would also try to make conscious effort towards maintenance of the garden. An increased effort should be undertaken for the development of the botanical life. Both hard and soft approach of management should be taken for improving the current situation. The littering should be strictly penalized and strict supervision should be done that would ensure no person can engage in unlawful activities. This is a hard approach which needs to be implemented. If anyone found doing littering, then strict fine should be imposed on them. The issue of vandalism should be dealt with strict action and if necessary, adequate legal action should be taken. A soft approach may also be taken which would ensure that the garden authorities would ensure that sufficient sign boards are put on the garden which would educate the tourists. The City Botanic Garden is one of the most popular heritage gardens in the Australia. There is great collection of natural botanic collection in Australia. There are several problems with the botanic site which are discussed in detail. There are several issues discussed such as erosion as well as conservation of the plants, issues with horticulture research, limited opportunities for education purposes, climatic variations, water shortages, issues with financing, exploitation of the plant life, littering, vandalism and the non-development of the botanic life. The concluding part of the report has given suitable suggestions to improve the current problems. Australian National Botanic Gardens - Botanical Web Portal. (2016).  Anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.anbg.gov.au Beer, D. (2016). The Australian national botanic gardens.  Australian Garden History,  28(1), 24. Brisbane City Council. (2016).  Brisbane.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au Cowell, J. (2015). Brisbane: Our active, healthy city.  Australasian Parks and Leisure,  18(2), 38. Derkzen, M. L., Van Teeffelen, A. J., & Verburg, P. H. (2017). Green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation: How do residents’ views on climate impacts and green infrastructure shape adaptation preferences?.  Landscape and Urban Planning,  157, 106-130. Miller, J. S., Lowry, P. P., Aronson, J., Blackmore, S., Havens, K., & Maschinski, J. (2016). Conserving biodiversity through ecological restoration: the potential contributions of botanical gardens and arboreta.  Candollea,  71(1), 91-98. Moody, E. J. R. (2013). The Implementation of munity Gardens to Address Interconnected Problems Related to Food Deserts in Urban Memphis, Tennessee. Rbg.vic.gov.au (2016).  Home | Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.  Rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au Sutherland, A. (2014). Playful access.  Australasian Leisure Management, (105), 58. Thorpe, D. (2014).  The'one Planet'Life: A Blueprint for Low Impact Development. Routledge. Uphoff, N. (Ed.). (2013).  Agroecological innovations: increasing food production with participatory development. Routledge. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Sales Management - Essay Example The identification of the needs of the customers helps sales persons in approaching them. Well-built business relationships between the sales person and the customer, provides the customer with an ease to communicate their expectations from the product or services and aid the salesperson in easily capturing the customers’ knowing their requirements (Lamb, Hair, & McDaniel, 2008). Customers enter into a process of purchasing a product on the basis of the purchase situation. A purchase situation refers to the relationship or interaction of the buyer with the business, for instance, it may be a new business and the first time the customer shows his willingness to purchase from a particular business, or it may be a longstanding relationship with the business running for several years. The multi-attribute matrix of buyers is an important tool for the salesperson to understand the requirements of the customer, satisfy their needs and build their relationship stronger in terms of pri oritizing the products with attributes which are appreciated or important to the customers like price, quality, quantity and so on (Tanner, Honeycutt, & Erffmeyer, 2009). Customers need a salesperson who has the understanding of their choice and requirements. It helps the customers in getting the right product, at the right price, on the right time with less effort. Such a system of relationships between buyers and sellers help in customer satisfaction and reliance on the seller’s advice. This trust and reliance is basically on the convincing power of the salesperson along with their presentation style for a particular product (Kurtz et. al., 2009 p. 310). Organizations and salesperson can work hand in hand to build stronger customer-seller relationship. The relationship between customers and the company lies in the goodwill of the brand. The brand name is the recognition factor for the customers for a business. Building a strong brand name, however, is not an easy task. It requires

Organization Structure and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Structure and Performance - Essay Example Starbucks Corporation is the â€Å"flat organization† with no hierarchy structure as they provide an equal opportunity for all members to voice their opinions and provide feedback. There is democratic leadership in Starbucks Co. that pulls subordinates into the decision-making process. The Chairman of Starbucks, Schultz decided to treat employees as family, and called them partners. He provides a work environment that encourages hardworking among employees and they treat each other with dignity and respect. satisfy customers and shareholders, through its competitive advantage. Its retail business is currently structured as Starbucks U.S. and Starbucks Coffee International (SCI) has presence in 55 markets including United States (Anonymous, 2011). Starbucks will move to a new three-region organizational structure: (1) China and Asia Pacific: All Asia Pacific markets and China, (2) Americas: United States, Canada, Mexico and Latin America and (3) EMEA: Europe, U.K., Middle East, Russia and Africa (Ford, 2005). A President for each Region will oversee the company-operated retail business, working closely with both the licensed and joint-venture business partners in each market. They will also work closely with Starbucks Global Consumer Products and FoodService team to continue building out Starbucks brands and channels in each region (Rainey & Thompson, 2006). The fit between organizational strategy, structure and leadership is Starbuck’s Mission and its set of Principles that address the structure and leadership in the organization whilst strategically directing the organization to achieve the customer satisfaction at all times. Application of these principles can be used as a guideline for all employees from managers to workers to aim to achieve the company’s goals, while maintaining required standard in professionalism. According to its mission statement, â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a

How does the relationship between the three branches of government Essay

How does the relationship between the three branches of government influence the policy-making process - Essay Example Thus, this paper will explain how the relationship between the Executive, the Legislative and Judicial branches of government influence the policy-making process. The legislative branch has authorization from the state law and the state constitution to make local law. The legislators who make up the legislative are elected by the public in order to make policy decisions, as well as enact laws on their behalf. The executive develops the proposed policies, and its main duty is to implement the policy made by the legislators (Corwin, 1957). However, the executive members do not make policy decisions, but they have a strong influence on the process of policy making. The Judiciary, which consists of the Supreme Court, and lower courts is said to have the least policy making powers compared to the other two branches, but in U.S, it has equal power with the other two branches (Gewirtz, 1976). It ensures uniformity in the interpretation of national laws made by the legislative. Gewirtz (1976) argues that the Legislative (Congress), is the favored institution in the federal government for policy-making. However, to be sure of this policy, the other two branches also have legitimate policy making powers. For instance, the executive has constitutional functions and duties, which involve significant policy-making especially in foreign affairs, and initiates and vetoes legislation that influences the policy-making process. Thus, the executive together with other independent agencies are expected to make some policy in the process of administering the law. Although most of the cases decided by the federal courts only help in applying the existing law to certain cases, the Judiciary makes policy, as well, in applying statute, nurturing the national common law, as well as interpreting the constitution (Gewirtz, 1976). Therefore, all the three branches of government are

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International law - Essay Example This means that the decisions made do not have precedents on the other courts, which means that the provisions of international rules will continue to be applied inconsistently. A good example of a rule, however, is the responsibility to protect doctrine, which necessitates intervention in cases of genocide and other widespread human rights abuses. That said, even this doctrine is applied inconsistently, as seen in the case of Sri Lanka, a nation which has been at war for 30 years. This nation has not been the target of R2P intervention, and has, for many years, been largely ignored by the United Nations. This case study shows the limits of international rules of law, and demonstrates the need for a more comprehensive approach to be taken on the international stage. The Traditional Meaning of Sovereignty The United Nations' attempts to establish an international rule of law meets a stumbling block in the form of the concept of state sovereignty. State sovereignty is a powerful and tr aditional concept, and has traditionally been the bedrock of world order and interstate relations. (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). What state sovereignty means is that every nation-state has the right to rule its people, and dispose of its resources, by its own independent edicts (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). Because of the concept of state sovereignty, the protected and respected norm, even by the United Nations, is one of non-intervention. State sovereignty is such a paramount concept that, if one nation violates it, then the offended nation can defend itself by right, and the United Nations protects this right to defend (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). That said, state sovereignty is not absolute, and is subjected to international rules and regulations. Moreover, in today's globalized world, state sovereignty has become ever-more tenous. The reali ty of today's world is that national borders are often breached by environmental, cultural and economic influences through technological and communication advances (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). State sovereignty is also limited in that nations agree that, in order to maintain their sovereignty, to protect their citizens, and this enables the international community to hold wayward nations accountable for their own actions towards their citizens (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). In other words, if a nation is committing atrocities against its citizens, then that nation effectively relinquishes its own sovereignty, and the international community has the right to step in and intervene when this occurs. International Rule of Law The other concept that should be understood in this context is the concept of an international rule of law, and the brief historical basis for this. Chesterman (2008) h as explored this concept in depth. He states that the international rule of law has been promoted through international treaties, development actors (including donor States), and security actors (such as the U.N. Security Council). The latter has promoted the rule of law as a form of conflict resolution, claims Chesterman. He sees the international rule of law operating to protect human rights by issuing human rights treaties, as well as international codes

Analyze and explain the development of healthy relationships Essay

Analyze and explain the development of healthy relationships - Essay Example In this mini-paper, the following ingredients necessary for the development of healthy relationships will be elaborated on: (a) Love; (b) Good Communication; (c) Patience; (d) Trust; and (e) Loyalty. Rohn (2010) asserts that love is the basic requirement for a healthy relationship. It is more than just a feeling. It is a commitment to people around us and who mean to us that we will respect them and treat them justly at all costs. A relationship cannot be a fulfilling one if we compromise upon respect and dignity. Respect and be respected; love and be loved; and, this will ensure a satisfying relationship. Good communication waters the plant of a healthy relationship. It requires particular skills to have one’s ideas conveyed to the other person and to listen to his ideas patiently. One should try to let the other person know explicitly what one wants without having him solve the puzzle. Keeping others thinking what the actual problem is will do no good. While communicating, one must be humble and compromising instead of trying to control the other person’s thoughts and should be able to give space to his ideas too. Patience is another vital ingredient for a healthy relationship. We must understand that there will be times when our relations will disappoint us and vice versa, and that no person in this world is perfect. We also disappoint others and should expect others to fail us. It is patience that maintains a relationship through turmoil. Showing patience to others’ disagreements shows that we value them and respect their opinion, and this is natural for people to stay relaxed with people who tolerantly listen to them and try to understand the problem patiently. This fosters healthy relationships. When we trust the other person, this means that we are giving him enough space so that he can pursue his own interests, can make relationships and can do everything he wants without getting ourselves insecure and jealous. When we tell

Geography Gendered feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography Gendered feminism - Essay Example Such inner yearnings cause even death of them. (Barbara de Angelis, 1994, pp197). Geologically land is termed feminine. Through time and space, femininity is not given its due recognition. Masochism is construed as a quality of femininity where as the same attitude in men are considered as cowardice or slavery. Millions of clerks of both sexes throughout the world are almost having masochistic attitude only. Painting masochism as the quality of women has added burden to them, leading to a sort of 'gender exploitation' of women. These developments do not have any territorial difference on the earth. However shades of differences in this type of gender exploitation prevails in various manifestations in various lands. In countries like India, there are still many regions where common women cannot occupy an equal status in public places. On boarding a public bus a lady cannot occupy her seat next to a man and nor a man is permitted to sit near a woman. This practice is very slowly fading. People of metro cities are a bit bold enough to break this customary. But small towns and villages are still viewing the scene utterly awkward. In many places the booking counters are provided with separate structural arrangements for eves. The pathetic plight of school going girls, especially those in the verge if puberty who suffer a lot for want of toilets in Ethiopia is a challenge for feministic researchers. The economic and social barriers there are very strong enough to yield to such feministic ideologies. FLUIDITY OF GENDER IDENTITY In fixing identities, unlike other entities like race, color, class and religion, gender occupies a fluid condition. This fluidity in the fixing of gender identity is manipulated in several societies. Thus, geographers find it a bit tricky to fix the gender identity. Wife battering prevails in all countries irrespective of their development and civilization. But the batterer always takes advantage only of the gender. It is the feministic approach that posed question whether such superiority over femininity is natural. To derive an answer to this question, one has to analyze the age-old custom of patriarchy in almost all societies of the world. Geographers all over the world find a healthy tone in such analysis, which tries to evaluate and judge the patriarchy from the viewpoint of both the genders. Eradication or trial to eradicate patriarchy is not a solution. Feminism thus paves way to identify and locate the importance and entitlement of femininity. Feminism in many countries takes its own speed depending upon the cultural and socialistic environments of the nations. Developed countries are fast in this approach. The high speed has led to emergence of gay movement and lesbianism as byproducts. The sex-based lesbianism and gay movements give a picture that male domination or male chauvinism can be countered to some extent. Whether this is true or not is yet to be cleared. Even elite group of societies is not clear in the ideologies of lesbianism and gay movement to such an extent that they can pressurize some political group and governments to legally permit such practices. Homosexuals find it nice to enter into 'civil partnership', which has now been legally permitted in England. Great Britain, which criminalized carnal intercourse during 1860 in one of its colonial regiment, as an act against the order of nature, now permits her gays to get

Acute Pneumonia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Acute Pneumonia - Essay Example As the paper outlines Mr. Jones Stromenger (J.S) age 70 was admitted to the emergency care unit. He was complaining of acute pain when he coughed or when he took deep breaths. He had experience shortness of breath when he walked more than 20 feet. On admission he was recorded to have high fever accompanied shaking chills, sharp pleuritic chest pain, headache and sweaty and clammy skin. When he coughed he produced rusty sputum with mixture of blood. His skin was showing mild tinge of blueness and he was reported to have nausea and vomiting. The temperature was >38.6 degree c with more than 25 breaths per min, systolic BP 100breaths per min. on laboratory finding, arterial pH was less than 7.35, blood urea nitrogen > 30 mg/ dl and sodium < 130mmol/dl and PaO2 < 600mm Hg. On pulse oximetry the patient showed hypoxia and arterial blood gas exchange showed slower oxygenation so breathing tube was introduces and adequate oxygenation was given. The age was the critical factor and the patie nt was considered to be in Risk class 1 that favored the admission of the patient into the critical care. This study highlights that as the first level of emergency care the patient was made to undergo physical examination and chest x-ray. A Blood test and a sputum culture were also ordered. When given a physical examination it was found that the patient had a fever, increased respiratory rate, low blood pressure, fast heart rate and sinus problems. The lungs were auscultation, with stethoscope crackling sounds found, and an increase loudness of whisper speech showed the areas of lungs that were stiff and full of fluids – â€Å"consolidation â€Å".  

Why College Education Is Important To You Essay Example for Free

Why College Education Is Important To You Essay Returning to college is not an easy task to take on with a family and full time employment in a financial field. Returning to college takes time, which is what people with busy lives wish they always had more of. Making the decision to return to further your education, means that a person has goals and ambitions, something that they would like to accomplish in life. People who return to college in some way are looking to better themselves. College education is important to myself for all of the above reason and more. A college degree is a must in the financial field. The customers that come into the bank look at their assistant branch manager as a financial advisor. They look for the best financial advice that you can give them. Doctors, Lawyers, and Certified Public Accountants do not want a financial advisor with a high school education. A college degree is a growing need in all occupations in order to compete competitively in a professional field. Employers are looking for well-rounded employees who are able to keep up in an ever changing atmosphere. They are also looking for people who can work independently and efficiently without constant supervision. I believe a college education teaches many of the aspects to not only make a better employee efficient in their field but also a well-rounded individual in society. I believe receiving my college degree will make me that competitive employee my company is looking for. My college start came to a haul for me eight years ago, when I was unable to continue due to extenuating circumstances. It has always been a goal of mine to attend college again and finish the program this time around. My career goals may have changed from forensic science to finance but the thought of going back to school has never expired. As Thomas Edison once said â€Å"Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always try just one more time.† This is my chance to try one more time. This is my chance to prove that I can complete this program and  receive my associates’ degree. Another reason that college is important to me is the fact that this has the potential to propel me forward in my career. Banking and finance is the career I have choose in life. Studies have shown that people with a college education make more money annually then people with a high school education. I would like to live comfortably and not pay check to pay check. I would like to travel and be able to take exotic vacations. I would like to be able to securely take care of my family one day. Education can mean so many things to so many people. There are so many different reasons why people choose to further their education. Success, knowledge, and financial gain are the main reasons that receiving a college degree is important to me. As Napolà ©on Hill said â€Å"Desire is the starting point of all achievement, not a hope, not a wish, but a keen pulsating desire which transcends everything.† At 28 years old I now have the desire to continue my education to not only better my own life but to better the lives of my family as well. References Thomas A. Edison. (n.d.) BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from BrainyQuote.com.Website:http://www.brainyquotes.com/quotes/quotes/t/thomasaed149049.html Napoleon Hill. (n.d.) BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from BrainyQuote.com. Website: http://www.brainyquotes.com/quotes/quotes/n/napleonhil65555.html

Efforts to address the development of rural areas

Efforts to address the development of rural areas DEVELOPING RURAL AREAS Contents Introduction. Literature review Current efforts to address this problem locally Plan References Introduction. Rural social work is poised to face many challenges that make it difficult for a social worker to provide services to a needy person in the community. Oppression by the society and also other social classes in the society has caused the poor to be looked down upon in the society and thus becoming hard to get the best social services. In most of the cases that have been happening the women has seen a vast range of problems socially in the rural areas. Women and children have hence become the part of the population facing a lot of social problems. (Teasley, Archuleta Miller, 2014). The issue of a bad economy state has also been an obstacle to the providence of proper social services to the community. When inflation hits a country, it makes it hard and difficult for the rural community to survive with the raising prices of commodities. Lack of support from the authorities has also caused a lot of poor service development for the needy in the rural areas. Therefore it has been seen in many cases that the policies put into place do not really favor the rural communities. Taking for instance the policies to do with medical services, high medical services hit the poor in the society and hence lives get lost every now and then. For a good providence of social services to the rural community, resources have to be there. Lack of these resources render the social workers unable to access the areas with specific needs.an example of services that can be required is transport facilities for the social worker. If transport channels become a challenge for the social worker, it becomes hard for him/her to reach a good number of the rural population. (Witkin, 2014). Literature review Social working practice dates back to the ancient times where the church used to provide charity services to the community even before organizations dealing with social workers were formed. Social work was linked with the idea of charity work and by 580AD the church had already started charity work in the world and it was circulating food stuffs to the needy in the society.in the middle ages, the church become influential to the most parts of Europe and with time the practice of charity work become charity work in the 17th century. (Vanagas ÄŒiÃ…Â ¾ikienÄ-, 2015). Social work become a profession as well as people could now train to become social workers and serve the community.in the 19th century it became a profession in the united states as a movement began in the states and England. In this case a system was established in which the poor were sorted into different categories as idle poor, bodied poor and impotent poor.in this particular century, revolution especia lly in the industrial sector took place. (McPherson Cheatham, (2015). Therefore, technology and other scientific innovations came in to place and therefore a rural urban migration took place in those days in the western world. With this happening, social problems took course in the urban areas and therefore a missionary came into place to publicize and spread the Pentecost denominations ad therefore missioners attempted to come up with solutions for these problems in the urban areas because the cities were affected by prostitution, poverty and diseases. Therefore the church started activities like prayers and evangelism as it was releasing relief food to the poor in these areas. One of the people of steered up social work in the United States was Jane Adams who founded the US settlement house movement. Many schools to train people about social work came in to place at around 1915. This took place at the national conference of charities and corrections. After this, social work becam e a profession. (Parrish Oxhandler, 2015). Current efforts to address this problem locally Organizations have come up now days with different strategies to deal with the problem of social work degradation. Rural development is the first step that the authorities are working on to ensure that the rural community is reached through good roads and electrification. Infrastructure development is a key thing that the government and the authorities need to develop in the rural areas. Some of the rural areas have already seen some of these development. (Mazza, 2015). Another measure that is taken to address such problem is formation of organization to handle charity work and deal with the social work that is available in the rural areas. The organizations are governmental and some non-governmental organization. The non-governmental organizations dealing with social work are many in number and this has enabled the government to step up also and start other programs on the same. (Richards-Schuster, Ruffolo Nicoll, 2015). Social work organizations have been organizing visits to the rural areas where the elderly and those with special needs have seen help in many areas. Some of these areas include their health, financial assistance. This program has been carried mainly by the non-governmental organizations. Due to this, the government has also borrowed this idea and emerged with a strategy to start up a development fund for the elderly and the needy in the society as part of the social work development. With such efforts in place, the work of the so cial worker is boosted and he/she can gain the morale to do such work. The recognition that there are people in the society with special needs is what has been steering up charity work by companies and institutions through different sponsorships. (Suk bong, Ullah Won Jun, 2015). Plan Networking with other agencies is a consideration to take in order to be able to get sponsors for resources. This is because resources are an important factor to consider in order to be able to reach people from different parts of the society. Resources like enough money is a key factor to consider in order to be able to meet the people’s needs in the society.as social workers strive to meet the needs of the rural society, it’s better for necessary resources to be provided in order to have a good strategy for the development of the rural areas. The population census of a particular place can be taken and the number of people known. The population status should be taken and this knowledge should be made aware to the social workers because it will be at the end helpful to them. If the population of the rural society is known, the allocation of resources by the agencies will be easy and hence the needs of the people will be met. (Pitt-Catsouphes Cosner Berzin, 2015). Infrastructure development will always depend on the features of the place in which the target project is set to take place. The less the place is accessible the more it becomes difficult to channel transport pass ways and also electrification. The resources must be in line with the peoples preferences so that much money is not spend on trying to fund a project that is not feasible. The feasibility of the projects that help social work to gain an improvement is dependent on the adaptability of the place to welcome new ideas in the society which are helpful. Sometimes political issues can really hinder development of projects in the society and hence make potential investors and other helpful agencies to shun away from helping the society. When the needs of the people in the society have been accessed, a plan to meet these people periodically is put into place. For instance allocation of funds can be implemented in a way that every year at a particular period amount of money is allocated to these particular people maybe the elderly with particular needs. (Clarke Wydall, 2015). Apart from the providence of money, the agencies and the organizations can plan to give out other tangible commodities which can be helpful to the needy. Stuff like food and clothing can be an alternative to meet these people’s needs. At times we find some parts of the world affected and to be precise the rural society being struck by natural calamities. Places that are affected by calamities like earthquakes and flood get dented by misfortunes follow the people afterword. In this situation, social working can become very hard to conduct when there’s no proper channel to conduct them. Resources such as choppers to aid in the rescue of the survivors of such a calamity can be a challenge to acquire especially when the social workers are not registered with a particular organization to work as a team. Apart from all these, social workers can take their job with a passion and with this strive and get trainings which will be helpful to them as they provide services to the rural community. (Sullivan, Ryser Halseth, 2014). Training can be facilitated by the governing authority where the curriculum can be incorporated in the education system to make the present scholars equipped with these knowledge. Such training will be helpful for any social worker in the case of outbreaks of disasters like diseases and other calamities.in general terms the necessary thing to do in order to encourage the social work in the rural areas is to provide the social workers with the maximum corporation and support they need in order for them to gain that morale to serve the people. (Force-Emery Mackie, 2013). References Force-Emery Mackie, P. (2013). Hiring Social Work Faculty: An Analysis of Employment Announcements With Special Focus on Rural and Urban Differences and 2008 EPAS Implications. Journal Of Social Work Education, 49(4), 733-747. doi:10.1080/10437797.2013.812906 Sullivan, L., Ryser, L., Halseth, G. (2014). Recognizing Change, Recognizing Rural: The New Rural Economy and Towards a New Model of Rural Service. Journal Of Rural Community Development, 9(4), 219-245. Clarke, A., Wydall, S. (2015). From Rights to Action: practitioners perceptions of the needs of children experiencing domestic violence. Child Family Social Work, 20(2), 181-190. doi:10.1111/cfs.12066 Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Cosner Berzin, S. (2015). Teaching Note—Incorporating Social Innovation Content Into Macro Social Work Education. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 407-416. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012947 Suk bong, C., Ullah, S. E., Won Jun, K. (2015). Ethical leadership and followers attitudes toward corporate social responsibility: the role of perceived ethical work climate. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 43(3), 353-365. doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.3.353 Richards-Schuster, K., Ruffolo, M. C., Nicoll, K. L. (2015). Integrating Social Work Into Undergraduate Education Through a Community Action and Social Change Multidisciplinary Minor. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 329-342. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.101293 Mazza, E. (2015). Experiences of Social Work Educators Working With Students With Psychiatric Disabilities or Emotional Problems. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 359-378. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012935 Parrish, D. E., Oxhandler, H. K. (2015). Social Work Field Instructors’ Views and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 270-286. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012943 Vanagas, R., ÄŒiÃ…Â ¾ikienÄ-, J. (2015). THE PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT. International Journal Of Academic Research, 7(1), 24-30. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2015/7-1/B.4 McPherson, J., Cheatham, L. P. (2015). One Million Bones: Measuring the Effect of Human Rights Participation in the Social Work Classroom. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(1), 47-57. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.977130 Teasley, M. L., Archuleta, A., Miller, C. (2014). Perceived Levels of Cultural Competence for School Social Workers: A Follow-Up Study. Journal Of Social Work Education, 50(4), 694-711. doi:10.1080/10437797.2014.947903 Witkin, S. L. (2014). Change and Deeper Change: Transforming Social Work Education. Journal Of Social Work Education, 50(4), 587-598. doi:10.1080/10437797.2014.947897

Effect of the 19th Century on Children

Effect of the 19th Century on Children How did the lives of children change during the 19th century? Until the start of the industrial revolution, children were seen as small adults with few rights of their own. By the end of the nineteenth century childhood was a very different experience. The following essay will explore how this change came about. Children of the poorer classes had been part of the labour force for centuries, but with the rise of the factories, their work conditions changed. Children made up ‘two-thirds of the workforce on powered equipment in 143 water mills in England and Scotland’ [1] Conditions in factories were harsh, discipline strict and sometimes cruel, and hours were long. A mill worker is quoted in the Parliamentary Committee of 1832: I worked from five in the morning till nine at night. I lived two miles from the mill. We had no clock. If I had been†¦a quarter of an hour too late, a half an hour would have been taken off. I only got a penny an hour, and they would have taken a halfpenny.[2] In 1833 the Royal Commission on the Employment of Children reported many instances of children being strapped or hit, often because a child had fallen asleep towards the end of a fourteen hour day.[3] The Government tried to enforce some age restrictions in the early 1800s, but they were mainly ineffective because of the difficulty in proving children’s ages.[4] In the 1830s factory owners argued that the reduction of hours would result in higher prices, but in 1833 the Althorp’s Factory Act reduced working hours further, and by 1847 the ten-hour day was in place. In 1842 the Royal Commission carried out a Mines Report that revealed horrific conditions: I’m a trapper in the Gawber pit. It does not tire me, but I have to trap without a light and I’m scared. I go at four and sometimes half past three in the morning and come out at five and half past. I never go to sleep. Sometimes I sing when I’ve light, but not in the dark; I dare not sing then. I don’t like being in the pit. Sarah Gooder, aged 8[5] Lord Ashley (later Shaftesbury) pointed out that in Wales ‘it is not unusual to take them into the pits at 4 years’[6] The use of ‘climbing boys’ for cleaning chimney flues was also horrifying. There were reports of horrendous burning or suffocation accidents, sometimes fatal. Campaigners against this practice included Charles Dickens, and Charles Kingsley’s The Water Babies created further awareness, and it was a year after its serialised publication that the use of children for chimney cleaning was banned.[7] However, census returns show that child labour did not reduce significantly until at least the 1880s. The figures for boys working in mines show that there was no decline in figures until 1881 when the figures decreased from 36,000 in 1871 to 26,000.[8] The reason why so many families put their children to work was due to poverty. Henry Mayhew was told in 1851: ‘My little girl began about six†¦She never goes to school. We can’t spare her.’[9] The growth of the population in the cities and towns, plus the immigration of the Irish during the potato famine, and further immigration from Africa and Asia, had led to massive overcrowding and hardship, and the existing Poor Law legislation was no longer effective. Children growing up in urban slums were surrounded by dirt and disease, and infant mortality rates were high. Reports from people such as Edwin Chadwick and Henry Mayhew illustrated the squalor of living conditions for the working classes in the cities. The evangelical reformer, Lord Shaftesbury, witnessed the conditions when he visited London’s slums in 1846 and was struck by: †¦the children, whom he described as a race of beings apparently unknown to the outside world: nondescript, unknown, uncared for, begging on street corners, squatting on doorsteps, wading in the gutters. Some had no home. Some had no name.’[10] In these conditions children inevitably turned to crime or prostitution and when caught were punished as adults.[11] Some children might be deported to Australia, where the growing Empire colonies needed extra labour. Social reformers such as Mary Carpenter had some influence in changing the treatment of child criminals, and growing public awareness led to an increase in charities and orphanages. Improved welfare legislation and the new opportunities for education in the 1870s did much to improve the situation.[12] The introduction of state education in 1870 created the most effective change for the lives of working and poor children. Previously the only schooling provision had been Dame Schools, Sunday Schools or Charity Schools, but children who went to these schools rarely received more than the basic three ‘Rs’. In many areas there was no school provision at all.[13] Without income protection, wealthier families could fall victim to hard times. John Shinn, whose father fell ill and could not afford to send him to school, said: ‘The greatest and most serious misfortune of my life has been the loss of schooling or education’[14] There was some debate on whether the education of the labouring classes would improve or damage society, but reformers such as the philosopher, John Stuart Mill, argued that knowledge produces understanding and sensible behaviour.[15] The extension of the vote to working class men in 1867 caused a greater awareness of the importance of education. However, there was still a laissez-faire argument that the state had no right to be involved in education. The 1870 Education Act did not make schooling compulsory, or free. However, compulsory education was in place by the end of the 1870s, and the age for this rose over the next few decades until by the mid-twentieth century education was compulsory until the age of 16. With education and fewer working hours, leisure time improved. As literacy increased, so did the availability of books and magazines for children. By 1900 clubs and youth movements had been set up to provide entertainment – and to ensure that youngsters with time on their hands did not get into trouble.[16] For children of the middle and upper classes, life was different. Not required to earn an income, most children received regular education, either at home or at a private school. However, educational provision for girls was usually poor or non-existent, and the prevailing attitude was that girls were of less importance. Molly Hughes, the daughter of a stockbroker said: I was never taken to anything more exciting than a picture gallery, not even to a pantomime at Christmas†¦My father’s slogan was that boys should go everywhere and know everything, and that a girl should stay at home and know nothing.[17] Due to the campaigns concerning equal rights for women, girls’ education improved considerably during the century, with schools and colleges being set up in the 1850s, and university education from the 1870s. Looking back to his childhood in the 1840s, Charles Shaw wrote in 1893: I wonder whether it is true that I was allowed to be worked for fourteen hours a day when a little over seven years of age†¦whether it is true that even poor children now receive a better education than†¦Tom Hughes;†¦ if the rags, and squalor, and severe labour and long hours of those days, as contrasted with the leisure, and plenty, and recreation of these days are all illusions?[18] This quote illustrates the changes for some children over the course of the century. Children were now regarded as a separate entity to be protected and cared for. They were no longer ‘mini-adults’ to be used as another source of income, or left to roam the streets as orphans. Childhood, as a separate experience to adulthood, had been created. Bibliography Avery, Gillian, The Echoing Green: Memories of Regency and Victorian Youth, Collins, 1974 Best, Geoffrey, Mid-Victorian Britain 1851-1875, Fontana Press, 1990 Burnett, John, Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood, Education and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s, Penguin, 1984. Duckworth, Jeannie, Fagin’s Children: Criminal Children in Victorian England, Hambledon London, 2002 Galbi, Douglas A., ‘Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills’, 1994 Golby, J. M. (Ed), Culture and Society in Britain 1850-1890, Oxford University Press, 1990 Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, July 7, 1842, in Turral, J., (Ed) A Source-Book of British History, Oxford, 1925 Horn, Pamela, The Victorian Town Child, Sutton Publishing, 1999 Rubinstein, David, Victorian Homes, David Charles, 1974 Steinbach, Susie, Women in England 1760-1914, Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2004 Wilson, A. N., The Victorians, Arrow Books, 2003 www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk www.victorianweb.org www.wikipedia.org 1 Footnotes [1] Galbi, Douglas A., ‘Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills’, 1994 [2] quoted in www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRtime.htm [3] Taylor, D, Mastering Economic and Social History, Macmillan, pp.196-7 [4] ibid. p.200 [5] quoted in www.victorianweb.org/history/ashley.html [6] Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, July 7, 1842, in Turral, p.294 [7] Wilson, A. N., The Victorians, Arrow, p.295-299 [8] Best, G., Mid-Victorian Britain 1851-1875, Fontana, pp. 130-1 [9] quoted in Steinbach, Susie, Women in England 1760-1914, p.166 [10] Duckworth, Jeannie, Fagin’s Children: Criminal Children in Victorian England, p.3 [11] ibid, p.6 [12] ibid, pp.135-6 [13] Taylor, pp.278-9 [14] Burnett, John, Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood, Education and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s, Penguin, p.136 [15] Golby, J. M. (Ed), Culture and Society in Britain 1850-1890, OUP, p.136 [16] Horn Pamela, The Victorian Town Child, pp153-179 [17] Horn, p.20 [18] Avery, Gillian, The Echoing Green: Memories of Regency and Victorian Youth, p.117

Dangerous Mind - Psychology Essay examples -- essays research papers

Since I've chosen to major in psychology, I've chosen to do my paper on something that pertains to my major. In this case the mental disorder schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a severly disabilitating disease that has stricken the lives of almost two million people in the United States alone (Keefe 20). Since this disease is so devastating the majority of people that suffer from it either live on the streets or in mental institutions. In fact, forty percent of the beds in American mental hospitals are occupied by patients with schizophrenia (Hamilton 145). According to Hamilton the overall chances of a person to develop the disease is one in a hundred (145). There are three distinct types of schizophrenia that are diagnosed in today's society. These are disorganized, catatonic, and paranoid schizophrenia.Disorganized schizophrenia can start to show signs in early adolescents. These people portray inappropriate behaviors and emotions. For instance they may laugh at something like a close friend dieing or cry on a funny part of a movie. Disorganized schizophrenics also talk in a nonsensical manner. They make up their own language or just talk backwards. Catatonic schizophrenia is set apart from the others because of the persons with it unique catatonic, or motionless, state. These people spend lomg periods of time weeks, months, and occasionally years motionless or in other words "dead to the world" (Hamilton 120). When they do snaqp out of their catatomic state they are extremly hostile and aggressive. Last is paranoid schizophrenia which is characterized by the false beliefs or delusions the person has. For example the thought that the FBI planted a secret microchip in their brain and is controlling them. Alomg with these specific types of schizophrenia are some symptoms that pertain to all schizophrenics.Firstoff, all people diagnosed with schizophrenia have perceptual difficulties, that is, they sufer from hallucinations. A hallucination is a false sensory experience, such as seeing things, hearing things, and even feeling things that aren't really there. Hallucinatioms have a compelling sense of reality to the persons who suffer from them. Auditory hallucinationsare by far the most common form of hallucinatiom in schizophrenia. They are so characteristic of the disease that a person with true auditory hallucinations should be assumed to h... ...f the problem and therfore were removed. Instead of helping the schizophrenic, though, it just took what shreds of personality they had left and left them like zombies. Times have changed and extinsive research is done on all theoretical treatments before they are administered to any real patients. The most important and helpful treatment used today is that of drugs. Drugs used to treat schizophrenia are called antipsychotics. Keefe pointed out that antipsychotics reduce symptoms of the disease, shorten a patients stay in the hospital, and reduce the chances of rehospitalization (145). Persons with schizophrenia, when entering psychiatric hospitals, used to stay for several weeks or even months. With these new antipsychotic drugs, though, the stay has been reduced to just days. In fact a person who takes the drugs has a 3-out-of-5 chance (60 percent) of not being rehospitalized (Keefe 164). These antipsychotics work by blocking certain receptors of certain types of neurotransmitters in the brain. For instance chlorpromazine is an atipsychotic that blocks the receptorsfor dopamine, which as I explained is believed to be the cause of most symptoms of schizophrenia (Anderson 97).

Data Storage - History, Technologies, and Challenges :: data storage store

Data storage covers many areas. Anywhere information is stored for later retrieval could be considered "data storage." While it is not the first thing we would think of, a bill board advertisement is data storage. The advertisement (data) is meant to be read (retrieved) by many people. Other examples that might more readily come to mind include check books (storing your financial information), filing cabinets and books, among many others. What we will attempt to do here is present a (brief) history of data storage, especially as it applies to computers, and outline the current technologies that are used to store data, and their limitations. We also want to discuss the exciting data-storage technologies that are on the horizon. These new technologies will allow data storage to continue to be inexpensive and reliable. Computers, when it gets right down to it, only have two states which are recognized: on and off. As it processes information, all it really sees are a series of ones and zeros. These ones and zeros are called "bits," and computers are what are called "binary machines," meaning they process ones and zeros, or binary information. So, a character such as S is represented to the computer as 01010011 (8 bits are known as a byte). Pay attention! This will be important later, as this is how computers store data as well. A brief, yet (almost) entirely inaccurate, history of data storage. A really long time ago, man started wanting to store data. He realized that always trying to rely on human memory can have its pitfalls. There had to be a way to augment the human's capacity to remember. Thus, data storage. The first attempts at data storage used sun dried clay tablets with characters inscribed in them. They realized very quickly that this was not entirely efficient. You didn't have to write much before you couldn't carry it around any more. Pocketbooks ® would have never flown, let alone walked. Well, it could have walked, but with great difficulty. But I digress. The search began for more efficient methods of data storage. The Egyptians came up with the idea of making paper out of papi--, papy--, river reeds. Now they could store a lot of information, in funny little characters that no one could read until the Rosetta Stone, in a much smaller amount of space.

Use of the Nation of Islam in Down at the Cross Essay -- James Baldwin

The Use of the Nation of Islam in â€Å"Down at the Cross† Like his essay â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† James Baldwin’s â€Å"Down at the Cross† offers a three-part essay involving Baldwin’s personal adolescent experience, a specific event in Baldwin’s life, and a final analysis concluding with a warning to the readers. Baldwin describes a general experience throughout his life, and his sense of the public’s overall experience, to discuss the progression of America throughout history; the progression of America is the advancement of the American Negro according to Baldwin: â€Å"[The American Negro] is the key figure in his country, and the American future is precisely as bright or as dark as his† (Baldwin 340). The Nation of Islam and its leader, Elijah Muhammad, play an important role in Baldwin’s analysis. Baldwin’s early religious involvement prepare him for his experience at Muhammad’s residence, and his combined experiences instigate reflections upon the progress of black and white America since the emancipation of blacks during the Civil War. Baldwin begins his essay with a recount of his childhood, growing up black in a nation which considered itself white. Baldwin explains the uphill battle fought by every American Negro, how many â€Å"were clearly headed for the Avenue† (Baldwin 296) of whores, pimps, and racketeers. Baldwin argues that the American Negro was doomed to remain in the same state in which he or she was brought into the world, just as â€Å"girls were destined to gain as much weight as their mothers, the boys †¦ would rise no higher than their fathers† (Baldwin 298). Even an education would not rescue one from â€Å"the man’s† oppression. The man, of course, is the white man who â€Å"would never, by the operation of any generous human feel... ...ns of the consequences if America fails the journey: â€Å"God gave Noah the rainbow sign, No more water, the fire next time!† (Baldwin 347). Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Down at the Cross.† 1963. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84. â€Å"Cultist is Slain Battling Police.† New York Times 29 Apr. 1962, sec. 1: 72. Dodoo, Jan. Nation of Islam. 29 May 2001. U of Virginia. 17 Mar. 2004 Kihss, Peter. â€Å"In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States.† New York Times 23 Apr. 1961, sec. 7: 406. Quarles, Benjamin. â€Å"Lincoln’s The Black Muslims in America.† Rev. of The Black Muslims in America, by C. Eric Lincoln. Journal of Negro History. Vol. XLVI, No. 3 (1961): 198-199. White, Jack E. â€Å"An Unlikely Prophet.† Time 13 Dec. 1999: 103+

Smokey Mountain Nightmare

Allysa Broeker Smokey Mountain Nightmare Gazing at the stars outside the sun roof of my husband’s silver sports car seemed to be the only way to control the excitement building inside me. My imagination ran wildly thru visions of scenic mountains draped in clouds of fog. The grey rocky cliffs surrounded by colorful spring flowers almost parallel the beauty of the cool crystal water flowing over a fall like the most rapid of rain spraying a chilly mist on all who behold. With my head full of fantasy and soul full of adventure, the possibility of this dream come true becoming a life changing nightmare seemed all but impossible. Hey, we are in Tennessee†, my husband said as he lightly shook my shoulder until I acknowledged him with opening my grayish green eyes. â€Å"Good morning beautiful, only a half an hour away from the vacation you have always wanted us to take. † Instantly the widest smile you could ever imagine covered my face. I was so happy to be there roll ing up an over these bright green hills into the mountains that harbor the cabin we would soon occupy. â€Å"I love you so much. † â€Å"I cannot even begin to explain how much this means to me Adam†.I said as we past the sign displaying a two mile away conformation that was truly needed do to the navigation becoming obsolete when we began winding thru the one lane roads. â€Å"Beautiful,† I said as we pulled up to the cabin. † †Absolutely beautiful, even more so then I imagined†, said Adam as the slightest drops of rain began to fall from one of the few clouds that floated above. â€Å"I wonder what the weather is forecasted to be this week†. I asked as we walked hand in hand with my romantic husband into the two story cabin and on to making my dream come true.As the hardwood door closed behind us, a simultaneous crash of thunder followed. The sky began to darken as the subtle rains quickly became rapid. â€Å"There was no mention of a ny thunderstorm warnings†, Adam yelled from the across the room. The furious rains pelting the metal cabin roof seemed to intensify with every second. The lights flickered twice then went out as the purple strobes from the lightning filled every room transforming beautiful red roses, various clay sculptures, and other once delightful objects into terrifying creature like shadows.My heart pounded as the power of the storm intensified replacing my anticipation for it to blow over with only the realization of danger. â€Å"Adam, we are surrounded by a creek right†, I asked with a concern shaken voice. Using a local radio application I had just downloaded I heard, â€Å"The National Weather Service has issued a flash flood warning for the following counties in east Tennessee†. The first mentioned county confirmed my fears while removing all hope of salvaging this vacation, as well as, adding a very real danger to our life. We have to leave now† there is a fast rising creek all around this place and I could never live with something happening to you†, screamed Adam! The once crystal waters were now muddy and full of various types of debris and risen undeniably higher than the banks that once restrained the devastation unleashed when mother nature joins the team. Adam and I raced to the car, sloshing thru a puddle that had no beginning and seemed to have no end. Drenched with rain and overwhelmed with confusion, I could only stare out the window as we drove to safety.The beautiful mountains and all that attributes to them were now a smeared collage of unrecognizable vegetation and retreating animals that sensed the devastation that would soon follow. â€Å"We have about a mile until we are completely out of danger†, â€Å"I think we can at least catch our breath†, Adam said. Still staring out the window but only in a daze, I could not stop trembling. My dream vacation caused lots of fear and it is never fun living a drea m with nothing but beauty to behold, only to be awakened as nightmares unfold.

Hospital management system Essay

1.User requirements †¢Users can log in and register patients. During registration the users should be able to enter basic patient information. †¢The system should allow the user to schedule an appointment for a new user in which the user should be able to assign the date, time, department and the doctor available at that time †¢Users can search for admitted patient. †¢User can see the department wise appointment and particular day’s outpatient and also see today’s waitlist, transfer or transfer a patient from one department to another department. †¢The user should be able to enter the basic information about the employee and his or her professional details. †¢The user will be able to add the urgency and reminder to patient or cancel an appointment of a particular patient or update patient details etc. †¢The user will be able to see doctor on call schedule department †¢The user will be able to create edit or update a duty plan of a doctor. The user should be able to delete and add a doctor to a particular department. †¢The user should be able to assign a particular bed to a particular patient, or discharge the patient. †¢The user should be able to view the waiting list and from there can transfer the patient. †¢The user should be able to search the patient who is gone through any operation and his or her detail information like operation date, surgeon, therapy etc. †¢The user should be able to view pending requests. 2.System requirements †¢The system should have a log in option and maintain a record of registered patients. †¢The system should categorize â€Å"In Patients† and â€Å"Out Patients† †¢The system should maintain a record of doctor’s schedules in order to allow so that, if a patient wants a particular doctor the system should enable them to search a particular doctor schedule and his or her available time. †¢The system should all allow modification of details. †¢The system should display a list of admitted patients. †¢The system should keep information related to patients which are out patient. †¢The system should allow registration of a new employee. †¢The  system should store today’s doctor on call schedule department. The system should also allow the user to create edit or update a duty plan of a doctor. †¢System should maintain the ward occupancy there room and bed. †¢The system should display details entered by the user of when the transfer a patient form one ward to another or one room to another room or one bed to another bed has taken place. †¢The system should output a waiting list. †¢The system should produce a nursing report, physician orders, diagnostic reports; lab reports etc. and the user should be able to view it. †¢The system should be able to create a duty plan for a particular nurse and also give a quick review of today’s nurses on standby duty. †¢The system should have a form for the user to fill to send a request to laboratory test. The system should maintain a radiological test request that a user can make. 3.Functional Requirements Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that system must perform. The functional requirements for the system are divided into various modules; Registration, Billing, Payroll Module, Outpatient Management, Inpatient Management and Pharmacy A. )Registration module This module of the system captures complete and relevant patient information such as patient registration details, doctors daily schedule list, doctors schedule summary and so on. And automates the patient administration functions to have better and efficient patient care process. †¢The system shall include a user authorization procedure where users must identify themselves using a login name and password. Only users who are authorized in this way may access the system data. †¢The system should be able to display enquires about the patient, the patient location, admission and appointment scheduling and discharge details. †¢The system shall record patient registration details and inpatient and outpatient registration details. †¢The system should allow users to modify patient or doctors details †¢The system should automatically give and store medical alerts details. †¢The system shall provide doctors schedule summary and doctors daily schedule list. †¢The system should maintain medical records that keep an abstract of clinical data about patients. B. )Billing module The Patient Billing module handles all types of billing for long-term care. This module facilitates cashier and billing operations for different categories of patients like Outpatient, Inpatient and Referral. Therefore in this module: †¢The system should provide automatic posting of charges related to different services like bed charges, lab tests conducted, medicines issued, consultant’s fee, food, beverage and telephone charges etc. †¢The system should be flexible to allow billing plans to be configured to automatically accept or deny. †¢The system should be tuned to enable this module to capture room and bed charges along with ancillary charges based on the sponsorship category. †¢The system should record the charges for various services rendered. †¢The system should display payment details. †¢The system should display reports and have a printing option. C )Payroll Module †¢The system should calculate total employee salary including reductions and allow the employer to, print salary slips and salary certificates †¢The system should produce PF statements, Gratuity Statements and also provide a monthly analysis. †¢Since the module deals with the maintenance of employee bio-data, the system should keep employee bio data including Attendance / Overtime details. It should also report on absenteeism or leave encasements of an employee. †¢The system should permit the department to conduct Employee Related Activities like appointing the staff, maintaining the employee database, Fixing allowances and deductions, Maintenance of Hospital documents, etc. D.) Outpatient Management module The outpatient module serves as an entry point to schedule an appointment with the hospital resident doctor or consultant doctor for medical consultations and diagnosis. In this module: †¢The system should provide instant access to comprehensive patient information to doctors. †¢The system should divide Patient visits into new, follow-up and review and record the appropriate details if any. †¢The  system should handle the modules requests and results of laboratory tests and other examinations. †¢The system should define external doctor’s visit to in patients as â€Å"call on†. †¢The system should store patient’s diagnosis details. †¢The system should provide a record of patient’s appointments. †¢The system should store outpatient medical observation details. †¢The system should provide a report on outpatient Treatment History. †¢The system should store the out patients clinical service details and common billing clinical services of the patient †¢The system should support online prescription, online request for Investigations and so on. †¢The system should calculate the cost for the services rendered to the patient and reflect it in the billing module appropriately resulting in smooth billing process. E) Inpatient Management module The inpatient module is designed to take care of all the activities and functions pertaining to Inpatient Management. Therefore: †¢The system should allow this module to automate the day-to-day administrative actives and provides instant access to other modules, which leads to a better patient care. †¢The system should provide comprehensive data pertaining to Admission of Patients & Ward Management: Availability of beds, Estimation, Agreement preparation, Collection of advance, planned admission, Emergency admission and so on. †¢The system should enable this module to support Ward Management involving the system recording details of a patient being shifted from one ward to the other. †¢The system should display and be able to keep a record of the number of available beds †¢The system should monitor the administration of drugs. †¢The system should display the details of when a doctor is to be or transferred. †¢The system should display requests regarding admission, drugs and also display pending requests. †¢The system should keep and display record of patients that are to be or have been discharged; the details should include the expected or the Date and Time of Discharge. †¢The system should allow the module (department) to track every visit made by a patient. F) Pharmacy module Pharmacy module deals with the automation of general workflow and administration management process of a pharmacy. †¢The system should allow purchasing of orders. †¢The system should store supplier’s information †¢The system should allow online request for stock from various sub-stores and online stock transfer. †¢The system should maintain the drug inventory. †¢The system should record and allow users to view the expiring date of items. †¢The system should produce a goods receipt. 4. Nonfunctional requirements. Non-functional requirements define the overall qualities or attributes of the resulting system. Performance Requirements Performance requirements define acceptable response times for system functionality. †¢The load time for user interface screens shall take no longer than two seconds. †¢The log in information shall be verified within five seconds. Security †¢The system shall ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access. †¢Through permitting the changing access permissions for the system data to only be done by the system’s data administrator †¢All system data must be backed up every 24 hours and the backup copies stored in a secure location which is not in the same building as the system Reliability †¢The system should perform its required functions under stated conditions if any. †¢The system should have a low rate of failure to deliver the services required by end users. Maintainability: †¢The system should be able to cope with the changing of technology. Size †¢The system should not occupy a large amount of memory disk space. Robustness. †¢After a failure the system should have a backup to assist in immediately functioning as required. 5.Usability requirements Some of the systems usability requirements should include: †¢Informative error messages for example when a record is missing and should be inputted or when incorrect data †¢The system should offer help facilities for users who require further assistance or understanding when using the system. †¢The system should have well-formed graphical user interfaces. †¢The time needed to be taken for users to learn the facilities of the system. †¢How satisfied are the users with the system can be measured by taking a survey. 6. Domain requirements Domain requirements are the requirement that comes from the application domain of the system that reflects the characteristics of that domain. Therefore, as this System is a hospital management System, the domain requirement of this system should concern about the requirements that reflect characteristic of hospital management system. Our hospital management System should contain the characteristics below: †¢The hospital management system must have basic functions: storing, tracking, updating and must be able to generate and display reports also records or details of patients, doctors, medical alerts, doctor’s schedules lists and so on. †¢ Every operation that occurs in the hospital management system must concern of Data Integrity. For example, we do not want the total charges calculated by the system of a patient and displayed not to be not accurate thus causing losses to the hospital making use of this system or a drug records is recorded without including its name or quantity. †¢Each operation that occurs in the hospital management system must be recorded, and the system should generate report from time to time. †¢Regarding security issue, the hospital management system must have an authentication features e to prevent unauthorized access. †¢Authorized person must be able to access the System 24/7 except the system is under maintenance. †¢The system should have a backup unit which will be required when an unexpected system failure event occurs. †¢The system should not only produce reports but also receipt when it comes to drugs to support manual tracking of finances if necessary. †¢The system should display requests regarding admission, drugs and also display pending requests and enable responding to them if required. †¢This system must monitor administration of drugs. REFRENCE SWE 626 Team 2 Hotel Management System Software Requirements Specification Document Retrieved from www.oocities.org/swe626/HotelManagementSystemCorrectFinalSRS.doc. Software Requirements Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements.

Level 3 Stl Unit 302

Luke Winters Unit 302: Schools as Organisations. Explain the main points of entitlement and provisions for early year’s education? There are different types of childcare options available for early years, these include: Sure Start Children’s Centre: Working with parents right from the birth of their child, providing early years education for children, full day care, short-term care, health and family support, parenting advice as well as training and employment advice. Nursery schools:    Provide early learning and childcare for children between three and five years old.They are often based at Sure Start Children’s Centres or linked to a primary school. Preschools and playgroups: Usually run by voluntary groups providing part-time play and early learning for under-fives. Three and four year olds can get their 15 hours of weekly free early year’s education at these providers. Day Nurseries: Often based in workplaces and rum by businesses or voluntary group s providing care and learning activities for children from birth to five years old. Child minders: Look after children under 12 in the child minder’s own home. Associated essay: Post 16 Options for Young People and AdultsThey can look after up to six children under eight years old, although no more than three of them must be aged under five. Nannies and home-based carers: Provide care for children in your home and can look after children of any age. Since 2004 all children in the UK aged three and four years old have been entitled to free places at nursery or another preschool setting (including child minders). From 1st September 2010 the Government extended these hours from 12. 5 to 15 hours for up to 38 weeks of the year.The free entitlement provides universal access to early childhood education and care, ensuring that all children have the opportunity to benefit from early years education. The extended hours also supports parents who wish to go back to work or develop their careers through further education by providing affordable daycares. Explain the different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance? Th ere are many different types of schools in the education sector; state schools as well as independent schools.Community schools; is a category of state funded school which is ran solely by the Local Education Authority (LEA), staff are employed by the Local Authority and the land and buildings of the school is also owned by the Local Authority although the schools governing body is responsible for the running of the school. The LEA also decides which ‘admissions criteria’ to use if the school has more applicants than places. These criteria could be some of the following; †¢ If you live in the area of the school. If the child has any siblings at the school. †¢ If the child has a disability which makes traveling to a remote school difficult. The local Authority also provides support services, for example, psychological and special educational needs services. Pupils who attend a community school must follow the national curriculum. Community schools also help to develop strong links with the community by offering the use of their facilities and providing services i. e. childcare and adult learning programs.Voluntary schools; there are 2 types of voluntary schools: †¢ Controlled. †¢ Aided. Voluntary controlled schools can be also known as religious or faith schools. In a voluntary controlled school the land and buildings are owned by a charity which is more often than not a religious organization such as a church. The local education authority employs the staff and also provides support services for the school. The charity appoints some of the members of the governing body although the local education authority is responsible for running the school.Voluntary aided schools; as with a voluntary school the land and buildings are usually owned by a charity such as a church but the governing body is responsible for running the school and also contribute to building and maintenance costs. Voluntary aided schools are partly funded by the local education authority, partly by the charity and by the governing body who will also employ its own staff. Pupils who attend a voluntary aided school have to follow the national curriculum and support services are provided by the local education authority if needed.Trust schools; are state funded foundation schools which receive extra support from a charitable trust that is made up of partners e. g. business or educational charities who work together for the benefit of the school. Any maintained school that is a primary, secondary or special school can become a trust school and will remain local authority maintained. Having a trust status will enable schools to raise standards through strengthening new and existing long term partnerships between schools and external partners, as well as broaden opportunities for pupils and support a child’s all round development.Specialist schools; Children who have a statement of special educational needs (SEN) can and usually are educat ed in mainstream schools if the school has provisions that are suitable for that child, however children with SEN can also be educated in specialist schools. Special schools usually take children with particular types of special needs. The majority of a schools funding is provided by the department for education and skills (DFES) through the local education authority, however not all schools for pupils with SEN are maintained by the local authority and are funded by fees that are paid by the parents or charitable trust funds.Independent/private schools; these schools are not maintained by the local authority and are independent in their finances and governance. Independent schools are funded by a combination of tuition fees that are paid by parents and income from investments. Only half of independent schools are of ‘charitable status’; all donations that are made to public schools that are supported by local government allows them to claim charitable deductions. Indepe ndent schools do not have to follow the national curriculum and the admissions policy is determined and administered by the head teacher along with the governing body.All independent schools have to register with the DFE (department for education) under the Education Act 2002 and applications of new schools must be made before a school begins to function and admit pupils. Regulations made by the Education Act 2002 sets out standards that all independent schools in England must satisfy as a condition of registration. Free schools; free schools are an all ability, nonprofit making, state funded school that are set up in response to what local people say they want and need in order to improve education for children in their area.Free schools can be set up by a varied range of proposes i. e. universities, businesses, educational groups and parents who would like to make a difference to a child’s education. These schools are being set up in response to a demand in local areas wher e there are not enough places in mainstream schools. Free schools have to meet rigorous standards and are subject to the same Ofsted inspections as all state schools. Explain what further training is available for post 16 adults and young people? The choices Post 16 are: †¢ Continuing to study at a Sixth Form Continuing to study at a College of Further Education †¢ Applying for an Apprenticeship – or a similar work based learning programme †¢ Entering the labour market – although some form of continued training should be attached to the offer of employment By 2013 everyone will have to be in some form of recognized education and training up to the age of 17. This rises to 18 by 2015. Further Education (FE) An extra year at an FE College is an option if you want to boost your grades, gain more skills or improve existing ones.You'll need to check with individual colleges to see if there would be a charge for this additional education. Continuing at school sixth form is also an option depending on who offers the course you are interested in. Apprenticeships At 18 you can still go into work-based learning. This option usually involves taking recognized courses such as apprenticeships. With an advanced apprenticeship it's likely that you would work towards an NVQ level 3 qualification. You would spend most of your time at work and some time at either a college or a training centre.It's possible to take apprenticeships in a wide variety of job areas. Higher Education (HE) If you're thinking about  higher education you'll probably be looking to go to either an HE college or a university. There are a range of  HE qualifications in 100's of different subjects and subject combinations. Higher education  could be for you if you need a degree for the career you want to enter or if you want to study a subject or set of subjects in more depth. It could also be a route to consider if you're unsure about your future career and want to keep y our options open.Work Jobs for 18 year olds vary depending on where you live and the type and level of work you're looking for. The wider and more flexible your search the more likely you are to find something suitable. Some firms advertise management or other traineeships for holders of A Levels (or equivalent) but there's often a lot of competition for these vacancies. Gap Year Many young people choose to take a ‘gap year' between finishing sixth form or college and starting higher education. There’s a range of things that you could do such as traveling, volunteering or paid employment.You could consider it as an option if you want to travel before entering higher education or need a bit of time before you decide what to do next. It could also be an option if you need to earn some money or get some work experience before you enter HE. If you plan on taking a gap year before entering HE you will need to decide whether or not to apply for an HE course this year and defe r entry until next year. There are lots of different types of qualifications. Some of the main qualifications include: AS and A Levels Usually studied over 2 years.Most people will study for their AS levels in the first year, and then continue them at A2 level in the second year. Diplomas A new qualification that combines classroom and practical learning. Available at three levels – Foundation, Higher and Advanced, (equivalent to GCSEs or A levels depending on the level †¦) and usually studied over 2 years. NVQs There are 5 levels of NVQ and people normally choose to study them to compliment a paid or voluntary job. For example, someone working in an admin office role may take an NVQ in Business and Administration.Apprenticeships Apprenticeships give you training and experience in a ‘hands-on’ role, whilst helping you work towards a qualification (such as BTEC or NVQ) at the same time. BTECs Six levels of BTEC are available, which are equivalent to GSCE (Lev els 1 & 2), A-level (Level 3) and university degree (Levels 4-6). Key Skills Key skills are designed to get you ready for the working world. You’ll gain these skills as you study for qualifications or vocations. They are split into 6 categories over 5 levels. Explain the responsibilities of the following? School GovernorsThe school governors have a range of duties and a general responsibility for the conduct of the school to promote high standards of educational achievement including: ensuring the curriculum is balanced and broadly based; setting targets for pupils achievement; managing the school’s finances; appointing staff and reviewing staff performance and pay. Senior Management Team The senior management team of a school will respect the position of the headteacher who bears the ultimate responsibility for success or failure in pursuit of both the school's aims and the requirements of government departments.The head is the ultimate ‘leader' but the activity of leadership is one that can be shared among the senior management team and beyond in the case of curriculum area responsibilities. The team must be prepared to line up in support of the head teacher’s initiatives, helping to turn them into practical action and sharing his vision. They must also be confident in putting forward their own ideas and points of view in a constructive and cooperative way. It is important that the staff and governors of a school work together co-operatively.To steer this wider team is easier if all members want to work in the same direction. The senior management must therefore be able to communicate effectively, initiating and motivating discussion within the wider team in order to share the initial vision and build upon it. The management must be able to enlist the support and capture the imagination of all those people, diverse in both background and personality, who must work together to evolve and develop the curriculum that we deliver to our children. Leadership is required in all areas of school life.The development of the curriculum and the education we provide is underpinned by the management of staff and their professional development, the buildings and grounds that provide the environment for learning, the careful handling of budgets, resources for learning and the management of an ethos that leads to a constructive approach to school life by children and adults alike. Teachers The responsibilities and duties of a teacher are many and varied. Teachers act as facilitators for incorporating and encouraging intellectual and social development in the formative years of a student's life.The emphasis that education helps uplift someone socially, intellectually, emotionally, and personally is what a teacher fosters in children all through preschool, high school and college. A preschool teacher plays a pivotal role in a child's development, and although, the role of a preschool, high school and a college teacher may diffe r to meet specific age and subject criteria, it cannot be argued that the duties and responsibilities of a teacher will always remain the same. The class or subject teacher is responsible for the preparation and maintenance of an appropriate learning environment within their own class and/or subject area.Working as part of a team the teacher decides how best to use the resources allocated to the class which includes teaching assistants as well as the necessary equipment and materials for learning activities. Support Staff Adults who work in classrooms alongside teachers have various job titles including: learning support assistant; classroom assistant; special needs assistant and non-teaching assistant. ‘’Teaching assistant’’ is now the preferred term for adults (in paid employment) whose main role is to assist the teacher in a primary, secondary or special schoolA teaching assistant’s role will depend on the school and experience/qualifications. Th ere may be different requirements between teaching assistants even within the same school. A teaching assistant may have a general role working with different classes in a year group/key stage or specific responsibilities for a pupil, subject area or age group. Within a schools support system there are also other supporting roles these can include: Administrative Assistant – An administrative assistant is one of the most important positions in the entire school.A school administrative assistant often knows the day-to-day operations of a school as well as anyone. They are also the person who communicates most often with parents. Their job includes answering phones, mailing letters, organizing files, and a host of other duties. A good administrative assistant screens for the school administrator and makes their job as a whole a lot easier. Encumbrance Clerk – The encumbrance clerk has one of the most difficult jobs in the entire school. The encumbrance clerk is not only in charge of school payroll and billing, but a host of other financial responsibilities.The encumbrance clerk has to be able to account for every cent a school has spent and received. An encumbrance clerk must be organized and must stay current with all laws dealing with school finance. School Nutritionist– A school nutritionist is responsible for creating a menu that meets state nutrition standards for all meals served at school. They are also responsible for ordering the food that will be served. They also collect and keep up with all monies taken in and spent by the nutrition program.A school nutritionist is also responsible for keeping track of who is eating and for which students qualifies for free/reduced lunches. Teacher‘s Aide – A teacher’s aide assist a classroom teacher in a variety of areas that can include making copies, grading papers, working with small groups of students, contacting parents, and a variety of other tasks. Paraprofessional â⠂¬â€œ A paraprofessional is a trained individual who assists a special education teacher with their day-to-day operations. A paraprofessional may be assigned to one particular student or may help with a class a whole.A paraprofessional works in support of the teacher and does not provide direct instruction themselves. Nurse – A school nurse provides general first aid for students in the school. The nurse may also administer medication to students who need it or are required medication. A school nurse keeps pertinent records on when they see students, what they saw, and how they treated it. A school nurse may also teach students about health and health related issues. Cook – A cook is responsible for the preparation and serving of food to the entire school.A cook is also responsible for the process of cleaning up the kitchen and the cafeteria. Custodian – A custodian is responsible for the day-to-day cleaning of the school building as a whole. Their duties includ e vacuuming, sweeping, mopping, cleaning bathrooms, emptying trash, etc. They may also assist in other areas such as mowing, moving heavy items, etc. Maintenance – Maintenance is responsible for keeping all the physical operations of a school running. If something is broke then maintenance is responsible for repairing it. These may include electrical and lighting, air and heating, and mechanical issues.Computer Technician – A computer technician is responsible for assisting school personnel with any computer issue or question that may arise. Those may include issues with email, internet, viruses, etc. A computer technician should provide service and maintenance to all school computers to keep them running so that they may be used as needed. They are also responsible for server maintenance and the installation of filter programs and features. Bus Driver – A bus driver provides safe transportation for students to and from school.Explain how the following regulator y bodies monitor and enforce legislative frameworks? †¢ Health and safety executive †¢ School specific regulatory bodies Regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector exist to monitor and enforce the relevant legislations. For example, general bodies such as the Health and Safety Executive are responsible for ensuring the enforcement of health and safety matters in the workplace including schools. While school specific regulatory bodies such as Ofsted are responsible for ensuring standards are maintained in a wide range of education settings.Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. Ofsted regulates and inspects childcare and children’s social care. Ofsted also inspects: schools; colleges; initial teacher education; work based learning and skills training; adult and community learning; education and training in prisons and other secure establishments and the Children and Family Court Advisory Service. Explain why sc hools have policies and procedures? All schools have policies and procedures that help maintain a structured and consistent learning environment.These policies relate to the legal requirements within schools and provide guidance on the procedures for implementing the policies in the school. Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: A) Staff. All schools have policies and procedures in place to support staff in their management of situations these may involve violence, threatening behaviour or abuse amongst other policies which are all legal requirements within the setting of a school, you must adhere to these policies and familiarise yourself on where these policies can be found within the school surroundings.Within my setting all policies can be found on the schools internal computer system for staff to access as and when they need to. Policies can also provide prospective employees, governors and parents of prospective pupils with valuable information. Fo r example, a prospective parent might wish to see a school’s homework policy or behaviours policy before deciding whether to apply for their child to attend the school. Similarly, a prospective employee may wish to see the school’s staff development policy, its performance management policy or its leave of absence policy before deciding whether to accept a position at the school.Policies should also enable school staff, governors, parents, LEA officers and Ofsted inspectors to see at a glance what principles they can expect to see applied at your school. B) Pupil Welfare. The schools policy for safeguarding children should include information on the roles and responsibilities of staff members and the procedures for dealing with child protection issues. This should include: 1) All staff members should attend child protection training. 2) The school will comply with the Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) procedures 3) If any member of staff is concerned about a chi ld he/she must inform a senior colleague.The member of staff must record information regarding such concerns on the same day. This record must give a clear, precise and factual account of their observation. 4) Confidentiality is of crucial importance and incidents should only be discussed with the relevant person, e. g. senior colleague. 5) The head teacher will decide whether the concerns should be referred to external agencies, such as the social services and/or the police. 6) The school should work cooperatively with parents unless this is inconsistent with the need to ensure the child’s safety. ) If a referral is made to social services, the head teacher will ensure that a report of the concerns is sent to the social worker dealing with the case within 48 hours. 8) Particular attention will be paid to the attendance and development of any child identified as ‘at risk’ or who has been placed on the Child Protection Register. C) Teaching and Learning. Schools s hould be able to explain their approach to the curriculum and to show how they meet the statutory requirements for all learners, including any variations to meet the needs of individual pupils.Detailed information about a school’s curriculum plans can be found in: policy statements for the whole curriculum and for each subject of the curriculum; schemes of work and teaching plans for pupils in each key stage; class or group timetables and Individual Education Plans. Developing curriculum plans involves planning learning activities that will provide all pupils with appropriate opportunities to learn which reflect the range of needs, interests and the past achievements of pupils in each year group at each key stage.Curriculum plans include: †¢ Policy statements showing the balance between different parts of the curriculum at each key stage. †¢ Practical guidelines for staff assisting the delivery of each curriculum subject e. g. general information about resources and important teaching points. †¢ Long term-plans showing the content and skills in the programme of study for every subject at each key stage and hoe these are covered, including links between subjects as well as progression, consolidation and diversification for pupils across units. Medium-term plans defining the intended learning outcomes for units of work, including information on learning activities, recording and assessment methods. †¢ Short- term plans setting out detailed information on learning activities for pupils in each class on a weekly and daily basis, including lesson plans and/or activity plans with details of specific targets, organisation, resources and strategies to support learning. D) Equality, diversity and inclusion All schools have an equal opportunities policy with procedures to ensure it is implemented.These policies and procedures must be followed together with any relevant legal requirements when dealing with these issues As a member of staff you should: †¢ Challenge discrimination or prejudice when necessary (For example, if a colleague makes an inappropriate comment about a person’s race, culture or disability, you should tell them why it is unacceptable to express their views in this way. ) †¢ State that you will not condone views that discriminate against another person. †¢ Provide support for children and adults who experience discrimination or prejudice by encouraging them to respond with positive action.E) Parental Engagement. Parents and families play a fundamental role in helping children achieve their full potential in education by supporting them in their learning and developing within their own homes. By working together with the child’s school parents can create a learning environment to help reinforce lessons that are learned at school. Homework policies contribute towards building responsibilities and self-discipline in a student. Homework should provide a student with the opportun ity to apply the information they have learned in class, complete unfinished class assignments and develop independence within he individual. Home School Agreement: can raise standards and contribute to school success by providing structure for partnerships between home and schools on issues such as; pupils progress, information on what pupils will be taught and any concerns that may affect the pupils ability to learn. Parents are able to support and help their child’s learning at home with more success and confidence. Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated? Schools need to ensure that polices are in place and regularly revised and updated.Each policy will be dated and have a date for its revision. There are model policies available on the internet through local education authorities to assist the schools in drawing them up as this can be a time consuming process. Depending on the policy, the person responsible for a curriculum area (for example, the numeracy coordinator) may produce a draft policy and then have it checked by other staff during a meeting. It will then need to be agreed or ratified by the governing body before it takes effect.Although staff will not be required to know the contents of every school policy, they should have read and know their responsibilities, in particular with regards to the safeguarding policy, health and safety policy and the behaviour management policy. Summarise the roles and responsibilities of national and local government for education policy and practice? National government. The Department for Education is responsible for education and children’s services. Basically, this means that they are responsible for. †¢ Setting the national curriculum. †¢Early years foundation stage.Which the schools and nurseries operate and also looks into new ways to develop the quality of service available to children under the five outcomes of every child matters. †¢Enjoy and achieve. †¢Stay safe. †¢Be healthy. †¢ Achieve economic well-being. †¢ Make a positive contribution. Other roles and responsibilities of the Department of Education. †¢Funding research into Education based projects concerning children and young people. †¢ Developing workforce reform such as the 2020 children’s workforce strategy. †¢ Promoting integrated working for those who work with children and young people. Develop the role of the third sector, which is non-government organisations, such as voluntary, community organisations and charities that work with children and young people. Local government. Responsibility is to provide services to all the schools in the community. The local Education authority is responsible for providing. †¢Promoting community cohesion. †¢ School management issues. †¢ Behaviour management. †¢ The development of school policies. †¢ Staff training and development. †¢ Special educa tional needs. Local authorities need to provide documents which sets out their own aims, vision and boundaries.They will have policies which communicate their own leadership for schools in the community. The local authority will employ specialist advisers for different aspects of the curriculum. They will also have people with their own area of expertise in place for pupils with challenging behaviour and special educational needs. Majority of these services will be provided free to schools by the LEA, but in some circumstances the school could be expected to pay, this will be when specialist teachers need to come into the school setting.The LEA will be responsible for informing the schools in the community of changes to the education policy and they will then be given extra training within the area of changes. It is the responsibility of all the schools to make sure they are up to date with all the current policies which are put in place for children, young people and their families . One of these being The every child matters frameworks which is one of the largest provisions which has been put in place for developing their roles in the community.They should have their own policies in place that will meet the expected national requirements and also follow the LEA guidelines. There will be some schools which could be chosen to trial new ideas to develop the national policies and the curriculum; if this is successful then these will be put in place. There are an extensive range of organisations that will work with children and young people. All these organisations will delegate with each other as a team and share their knowledge and experiences to achieve the best interest of children and young people, by doing this they will develop links for pupil support for.Social services. Will work with schools if certain information comes to light about pupils or if they need to gather information for court reasons. Children’s services. Is based on the framework Eve ry Child Matters outcomes. These are basically based in different areas of professionals including. †¢Education. †¢ Health. †¢ Early years. †¢ Child care. †¢ Social services. Youth services. These will work with secondary schools, but will be more involved with the training and provision of young people from the age of 14 and beyond. National health services.There are many different services which will work with and within the school setting; these may be employed by the national health services and the primary care trust. This will include. †¢Speech therapists. †¢ Occupational therapists. †¢ Physiotherapists. Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families? As part of the National Governments incentive to help provide backing and encouragement to practitioners in schools 2 new funding programs were introduced by the Department for Children, Schools and Families as part of the Government Childre n Plan.These programs; Every Child a Talker (ECAT) and Social and Emotional Aspects of Development (SEAD). These were launched to increase the skills of early year’s specialists and were a part of the government’s wider pledge to the education workforce development. These packages were designed to address the need for children in schools to experience a language rich setting through staff in ensuring that they work successfully with both parents and families.Through SEAD, staff in schools would gain the knowledge and understanding to help engage parents more effectively in order for them to be better prepared to support their child’s social and emotional needs. It was the abuse and ultimate death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 which prompted changes in children’s services. The Every Child Matters paper set out a national agenda and plan with the aim of providing more services that were accessible for the needs of children, young people and families which sta ted that schools and other child care providers must demonstrate ways that they could work towards each of the outcomes.The 5 key aims and intentions were; Be healthy: schools needed to play a leading part in health education towards children and young people which included questioning the significance of snacks and the nutritional contents of school meals, as well as enabling children to enjoy a good physical and mental health by being part of a healthy lifestyle.Stay safe: a survey among 11~16 year olds in mainstream schools claimed that almost 46% had been the victim of some form of bullying, in order to break these statistics it is vital that pupils need to feel that they are being protected in school, in order for schools to do this they must continue to make behaviour management and anti-bullying an significant issue. Enjoy and achieve: in order for students to get the most out of life and develop the necessary skills for adulthood children and young people must enjoy their li ves and achieve their potential.In order for schools to assist with this they must make improvements in failings across different ethnic groups and unauthorised absences that are unacceptable. Contribute: children and young people need to be involved in their community rather than involve themselves in anti-social behaviour. Schools can teach children the ethics of social responsibility and a feeling of ‘belonging’ by providing links to a pupils own community and how they can become a part of it.Achieve a good standard of living: children and young people with parents who are unemployed or existing on low incomes must be encouraged to aspire to a better career and lifestyle for themselves. Schools can develop strategies to enable all students to reach their full potential. Within my work setting there is a whole area of vocational training and community opportunities and links which reinforces the idea behind Every Child Matters. Explain the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work of schools?There are numerous organisations that will have an impact on the work in schools. Multi agency teams bring together professionals from different agencies to provide an integrated way of supporting children, young people and their families. As well as giving advice and guidance to teachers and other staff in schools. It is a way of working together that guarantees children and young people who need additional support have the professional that is needed to give them that support. Professionals who work alongside schools are likely to include Social Workers, Early Years Intervention Agencies, Youth Workers, Police and Youth Justice.Social Workers: their central role is to offer help and assistance to children, young people and families dealing with children at risk. They play a major role of gathering information about a pupil’s social, emotional and behavioural development in school. Conduc ting interviews with the student as well as making classroom observations. They will conduct interviews with senior members of staff and parents on strategies that will benefit the child in school. Early Years Consultants: offer support and advice to teachers and other members of staff in school.They work closely with both children and parents to identify, assess and respond to a child’s additional need and to ensure that the appropriate intervention is given to that child in order to develop their learning within school. Youth Workers: promote the personal, educational and social development of young people aged between 13~19, they respond to the needs and interests of young people and attempt to resolve issues involving health awareness and education by developing positive skills and attitudes within a young person..Youth Workers have an influential role in empowering young individuals to take on issues that are affecting their lives. Police: hold debates in schools to chil dren and young people on issues such as knife crime and anti-social behaviour in order to discourage children from imitating that behaviour. They hold open discussions in order for the child or young person to give their opinions and views. Youth Offending Teams: will offer support to young people in education who are at risk of offending, they liaise with schools and the Education Department when a young person is experiencing difficulties at school.They will often assist with school work and enable communication between the young person, school and their families. Explain how the ethos, mission, aims and values of a school may be reflected in working practices? The Ethos of the school should be recognisable when entering the school setting as it is part and parcel of the environment of the school and the daily practice of the staff and pupils there.I am aware that all adults that work and are part of the setting have an important responsibility in modeling standards of behaviour, both in their dealings with children who attend the school and amongst colleagues, as their own example has an influence on the children. Good associations and strong collaborations between adults will encourage the good behaviour in children. All adults within the school should aim to create an optimistic and positive environment that holds high but reasonable expectations of every child who attends the school, emphasize the significance of being respected as an individual within the school.Encourage, through example, truthfulness and politeness while encouraging children to have relationships based on fairness, kindness and understanding of the needs of the other children within the school. Evaluate methods of communicating a schools ethos, mission aims and values? The ethos and mission of a school is often referred to as the same thing, however, they are both very different. The mission of a school is based upon what the school intends to achieve in a more physical and academical way as set out by the head teacher. This is often seen as a motto and slogan as you enter a school.The Ethos of a school is more related to the beliefs and feelings of a school. The Ethos of the school should be recognisable when entering the school environment as it is part of the nature and daily practice of the staff and pupils who work there. The ethos is set out for the whole school to be aware of and is reinforced through daily activities. It enforces that children’s safety is paramount and with the purpose of children are at the centre of everything. The aims of the school are set out by the head teacher in partnership with the parents, staff, governors and he community which should provide all members of the school community with a safe and respected environment which is paramount in obtaining a successful learning environment. The aims for the children in my work setting are to increase each pupils understanding of the world around them and to provide each pupil wit h the appropriate balance of both challenge and support in the learning, to provide for the spiritual, moral, intellectual and physical development of the pupils regardless of their disability, gender, race or ethnic background.